Wavescan
NWS317
*
Theme
- 00:00
“Birthday Serenade” -
Willi Glahe
*
Opening Announcement - 00:16
Welcome to “Wavescan”,
international DX program from Adventist World Radio
Researched and written in
Indianapolis, produced in studios of shortwave WRMI
Program outline
1.
The End of Another Era: In the Land of a Thousand Hills
Deutsche
Welle Closing Kigali Relay Station
2. Australian
DX Report
3.
Special QSL of the Week SQOTW33: Temporary Feeder Link
*
The End of Another Era: In the Land of a Thousand Hills
- 01:02
Deutsche Welle Closing Kigali Relay
Station
The unwelcome news, that another
important shortwave station is closing, is making headline news in the
international radio world. On this
occasion, the station that is closing is a Deutsche Welle DW relay station, and
the location is at Kigali in the small African nation of Rwanda.
Identified in travel brochures as
the Land of a Thousand Hills, Rwanda is a small landlocked densely populated
independent nation located almost in the center of the bottom half of
Africa. The entire country, quite hilly,
is only 150 miles long and 75 miles wide, and it is completely surrounded by
four other independent countries.
The history of Rwanda goes back into
the early days of tribal migrations in Africa, and it is understood that the
first peoples to move into the territory now known as Rwanda were the Pygmy
people known as the Twa. Then, two and
three thousand years ago, various sub-tribes of Bantu peoples also moved into Rwanda
and they settled into their territories where they became known as the Hutus
and Tutsis.
At an international conference in
Berlin in 1884, the Rwanda territory was assigned to Germany as part of German
East Africa; and the first European to explore the area was Dr. Oscar Baumann eight years later. During World War 1, Belgian forces occupied
the territory; and in 1962, Rwanda was separated from neighboring Burundi and
given independence in its own right. In
1994, Rwanda suffered through a horrendous civil war during which anywhere up
to a million people were killed.
These days, Rwanda is an independent
self-governing country with a population of 12 million; its capital city is
Kigali with one million. The peoples of
this nation speak three official languages; English, French and Kinyarwanda.
Communication by Morse Code wireless
was introduced to Rwanda with the installation of a wireless station in Kigali
in 1930. This station operated with
French TSF equipment and it was established for communication with a similar
station in Bujumbura in neighboring Burundi. A small regional network of similar TSF
stations was subsequently installed throughout the twin territories of
Burundi/Rwanda.
It was in 1963 that the German
shortwave station was constructed in the rolling hillsides a few miles east of
Kinyinya, ten miles north of the city of Kigali. This African shortwave station was the first
relay station that was established by Deutsche Welle, whose head office at the
time was in Cologne in West Germany.
Their first transmitter was a small
unit rated at just 600 watts and it was taken into service on August 30,
1963. The morning service was
transmitted on 7225 kHz and the evening service on 7295 kHz.
The earliest known monitoring report
of the new Deutsche Welle Kigali was from a listener in New Zealand who heard
this original low power unit in February of the next year (1964). At the time, it was suggested that the power
level would soon be raised to 10 kW.
Initially, programming for DW Kigali
was prerecorded on tape at the studios in Cologne and flown out to Kigali where
it was subsequently played on air in parallel with the same programming as was
heard from the DW shortwave station at Julich in Germany. Occasional off-air programming on shortwave
from Germany was received in Kigali and fed into the low powered transmitter
for reception in nearby areas in Africa.
When the 600 watt transmitter in
Kigali was not on the air with a program relay, the station engineers reduced
the power level and operated it as an amateur station under the call 9X5 for
communication with DW headquarters in Germany.
On October 24 of the following year
(1965), a 250 kW Marconi shortwave transmitter from England, model BD272, was
officially inaugurated and this replaced the temporary low power unit. The antenna systems at this stage were made
up of a pair of curtains with a passive reflector in between, and also a set of
omni-directional quadrant radiators.
At the same time, a receiver station
located a dozen miles from the transmitter station was also taken into
service. Rhombic antennas at the
receiver station were focused on Germany and they received the program feed via
a shortwave transmitter located at the Deutsche Telekom communication station
at Bockhagen in West Germany.
A second Marconi transmitter at 250
kW, model B6122, was installed in 1969 and taken into regular service in
July. At this stage, the antenna farm
was made up of 4 pairs of curtain antennas with a passive reflector in between,
and also the previously mentioned omni-directional quadrant.
The 10th
anniversary
of DW Kigali was celebrated on October 24, 1975 and many Rwandan government
dignitaries as well as senior German personnel attended the event that was
staged in the Transmitter Hall at Kinyinya, overlooking the national capital
ten miles distant.
A modernization program was
implemented at DW Kigali in 1992 with new transmitters and new antenna systems,
replacing all of the 30 year old equipment.
Two BBC/ABB transmitters at 250 kW, model SK53C3-2P, were
installed and activated in 1992; and two more transmitters of the same model
were activated during the following year (1993), together with 4 pairs of new
curtains.
Quite recently, Deutsche Welle announced
the closing of their African relay station effective at the end of the current
B14 Transmission Period, next weekend.
The station will be effectively closed, and completely dismantled.
Currently, Deutsche Welle Kigali can
be seen on Google Earth, directly north of Kigali in Rwanda. Also clearly visible in the associated
colored photographs are the two transmitter buildings adjutting each other, and
the two sets of feeder lines leading north and south to the two separated areas
in the antenna farm.
The international radio world is
saying goodbye to one of the world’s important shortwave relay stations,
and we too would say to Deutsche Welle Kigali: Goodbye, and thank you for a
work well done.
We are living in an era when there
seems to be a cavalcade of shortwave stations leaving the air for ever. However we might add, as all international
radio monitors know so well, that the shortwave bands these days still remain
overcrowded with a host of active shortwave broadcast stations.
Audio Insert
Deutsche Welle Kigali: Tuning Signal
Kigali identification announcement, French
International
DX News - 09:03
You still have a few days left to
log the African Relay Station of Deutsche Welle and to send for their QSL card
before the station is gone forever. We
might add also, that the relay of AWR programming via DW Kigali will also come
to an end next weekend as well. If you
would like an AWR QSL card verifying what is now known to be our short term
relay via DW Kigali, you have just a few more days. Each QSL card will also carry what will
become a very rare AWR Kigali QSL stamp.
The AWR website shows the following
scheduling for AWR via Kigali:-
0600 – 0630 UTC 15700 kHz French
0600 – 0630 17800 French
1700 – 1730 9490 Amharic
1930 – 2000 17800 Fulfulde
2000 – 2030 17800 French
*
Program Announcement - 10:20
Allen
Graham
*
Australian DX Report - 11:14
Bob
Padula
*
SQOTW33 Special QSL of the Week: Temporary Feeder Link
- 25:18
International radio monitor Andreas
Lubnow in Bodenteich Germany tells us the story of his interesting QSL letter
from Radio Netherlands. Back on December
19, 1981, Andreas was listening on his shortwave radio to the communication
frequency 24040 kHz. This station,
located near Rambouillet in France, was operated by the French Post Office and
at the time it was carrying a program feed on behalf of Radio Netherlands in
Hilversum, Holland.
For a period of three weeks, the
Intelsat downlink equipment that received the normal satellite feed from Radio
Netherlands to its then relay station at Antananarivo on the island of
Madagascar was undergoing a period of scheduled maintenance. During this time, Radio Netherlands took out
a relay via a 30 kW SSB single side band transmitter at Rambouillet, some 20
miles south west of Paris in order to relay the programming from the studios in
Holland to the transmitter in Madagascar.
The QSL Form Letter received by
Andreas Lubnow in Germany verifies the temporary programing relay via the
communication transmitter in France, it was signed by Jonathan Marks who was DX
Editor at Radio Netherlands at the time, and the letter is numbered in sequence
as Limited Edition Verification No 120.
*
Music of the World - 26:34
Rwanda: Gospel group, Hallelujah,
instrumental & vocal
*
Closing Announcement -
Thanks for listening to “Wavescan”,
international DX program from Adventist World Radio
Researched and written in
Indianapolis
Next week:-
1.
Railway Radio in Australia - 2
2.
The Story of a Lonely Radio Studio in an Isolated Area of Africa
3. Indian DX
Report
4.
SQOTW34 Special QSL of the Week: Long Distance on Mediumwave
Several QSL cards available. Send your AWR & KSDA reception reports
for Wavescan to the AWR address in Indianapolis; and
also to the station your radio is tuned to: WRMI or WWCR
or KVOH, or to the AWR relay stations that carry Wavescan. Remember too, you can send a reception report to each
of the DX reporters when their segment is on the
air here in Wavescan: Japan, Bangladesh, Philippines, Australia &
India. They will verify with their own colorful QSL
card. Return postage and an address
label are always appreciated.
Wavescan address:-
Box 29235
Indianapolis
Indiana 46229 USA
Jeff White, shortwave WRMI
*
Music Outrun - 28:38
*
Program Ends - 28:55
==============================================================================
1. Radio
Broadcasting in Rwanda
Progressive Topics
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
No. Topic Station Callsigns Year to Year NWS
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. In the Land of a Thousand Hills DW Kigali TSF
9X5 1930
- 2015 317
2. ==============================================================================
2. Rwanda-Urundi
National Radio
WR(TV)HB
Entries
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Year Date Information
————-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1947 - 1960 No entries
1961 Usumbura,
10 kW 6195 kHz, French relay Brussels, 3 local languages L
1962 Radio
Usumbura/Radio Burundi 10 kW 6195 kHz L
1924 Wireless station Usumbura
callsign USA YBWT&T 474
1964 Jun Burundi 6195 heard by Jim Paris R&H 77.14 7-64 119
1976 Jul Burundi expansion 25 kW R&H 79.17 8-76 120
==============================================================================
3. The End of Another
Era: In the Land of a Thousand Hills
Deutsche Welle
Closing Kigali Relay Station
WR(TV)HB
Entries
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Year Information
————-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1947 - 1965 No entries
1966 1
@ 250 kW
1967 1
@ 250 30.07 E & 01.53 S Google Earth: 01 54 51 80 S & 30 06
57 35 E
1968 1
@ 250 30.07 E & 01.53 S Due north of Kigali & Murama, due
east Kinyinya
1969 1
@ 250 30.07 E & 01.53 S
1970 2
@ 250 30.07 E & 01.53 S
1971 2
@ 250 30.07 E & 01.53 S
1972 2
@ 250 30.07 E & 01.53 S
1973 2
@ 250 30.07 E & 01.53 S
1974 2
@ 250 30.07 E & 01.53 S
1975 2
@ 250 30.07 E & 01.53 S
1976 2
@ 250 30.07 E & 01.53 S
1977 2
@ 250 30.07 E & 01.53 S
1978 2
@ 250 30.07 E & 01.53 S
1979 2
@ 250 30.07 E & 01.53 S
1980 2
@ 250 30.07 E & 01.53 S
1981 2
@ 250 30.07 E & 01.53 S
1982 2
@ 250 30.07 E & 01.53 S
1983 2
@ 250 30.07 E & 01.53 S
1984 2 @ 250 30.07 E & 01.53 S
1985 2 @ 250 30.07 E & 01.53 S
1986 2 @ 250 30.07 E & 01.53 S
1987 2
@ 250 30.07 E & 01.53 S
1988 2
@ 250 30.07 E & 01.53 S
1989 2 @ 250 30.07 E & 01.53 S
1990 2 @ 250 30.07 E & 01.53 S
1991 No
entry
1992 250
1993 250
1994 250
1995 250
1996 250
1997 250
1998 No
specific information
1999 No
specific information
2000 No
specific information
2001 No specific information
2002 4
@ 250
2003 4
@ 250
2004 4
@ 250 Relay DW, FEBA, RFI
2005 4
@ 250 Relay DW, FEBA, RFI
2006 Not
listed
2007 4
@ 250
2008 4
@ 250 Also on FM Kigali
2009 4 @ 250
2010 4 @ 250
2011 4 @ 250
2012 4 @ 250 1 @ 100
2013 4 @ 250 1 @ 100
2014 4 @ 250 1 @ 100
2015 4 @ 250 1 @ 100
==============================================================================
4. The End of Another
Era: In the Land of a Thousand Hills
Deutsche Welle
Closing Kigali Relay Station
Monitoring
Observations
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Year Date Information
————-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kigali Wireless
Station
1930 Wireless
station established Kigali Rwanda, link with Bujumbura Burundi TSF
DW Transmitter
Station Kinyinya
1st DW relay station
Kigali Rwanda
1963 Aug 30 Station
taken into operation R&H 77.14 1-65 101
New
250 kW planned
600
watts on 7225 kHz morning, 7295 kHz evening
Heard
in NZ
Pre
recorded programs from Cologne flown out to DW Kigali
Occasional
relay of off air programming
Used
as amateur station when not on program relay, call 9X5
New
250 kW under installation, ready by mid year
Will
be linked to receiving station
1963 Nov New
DW station planned for Kigali R&H
79.15 11-63 136
1963 Test
transmitter ½ kW placed in
service Technik
1964 Feb New
DW Kigali heard in NZ 7360 kHz 600 w, soon 10 kW R&H 79.15
3-64 101
1964 Apr 3
sessions daily 3 channels 7 MHz R&H 79.15 5-64 104
1965 Marconi
250 kW BD272 installed TDP 98 52
1965 Oct 1st
transmitter 250 kW activated, replaced ½ kW unit RMI82 1
2 curtains
separated by reflector; also set of quadrant antennas
Tested,
reduced power, amateur band, transmitted back to Germany
1965 Oct 24 New transmitter
officially inaugurated
1966 Mar 3 new sessions to
Central Africa 6 MHz band R&H 79.16 3-66 135
1966 Jun Several schedule
changes R&H 79.16 7-66 144
1967 Apr Scheduling & map
QSL card, 1 @ 250 kW R&H 79.16 4-67 145
1969 Marconi 250 kW
B6122 installed TDP 98 52
1969 Jul 2nd 250
kW transmitter taken into service Technik
Now 8 curtains separated
by reflector
Also set of
omni-directional quadrant antennas
1969 2nd
250 kW transmitter recently taken into service R&H
79.16 10-69 177
1972 DW relay to Kigali, via Bockhagen with rhombic CFL 1972 84.136 24, NASWA 6-72 11
1974 5&6 DW relay to
Kigali, via Bockhagen with rhombic EE
5&6 74 28
1975 Oct 24 10th
anniversary celebrations Rwandan dignitaries, Transmitter Hall
1988 DW Kigali to get
new 2 @ 300 kW, orders for new antennas soon ADXN
6-88 15
1988 DW ordered 2 @
250 BBC SW transmitters for Kigali ADXN 10-88 13
1989 Jul Planned that work
will begin on modernization and expansion ADXN 5-89
1991 Contract signed for further 20 years ADXN
6-90 13
Two original
units to be replaced
Station to
be expanded & modernized
4 @ 300 kW
to be installed
2
transmitter buildings adjusting each other
1992 Marconi 2 @ 250
kW removed TDP
98 52
1992 BBC 2 @ 250 kW
SK53C3-2P installed TDP 98 52
1992 Mar 3rd at
250 kW expected ready for service ADXN 5-92 8
1st of 3 new transmitters
1992 Aug DW in process
replacing 2 @ 250 kW old DXO 8-92 60
1993 ABB 2 @ 250 kW
SK53C3-2P installed TDP 98 52
1993 Early 2 @ 250 expected
ready for service JSWC 3-93 14
1994 DW station,
surrounding wall 3 KM long, nearly 2 miles, topped with metal spears
Approach road barricaded & mined
1994 4 new
transmitters & 8 new curtains recently installed WDXC 9-94 19
1994 DW Kigali on air
intermittently, due to electricity outages BDXC
5-94 20
1994 Apr 12 &13 night: Area shelled
1994 Apr 12 DW Kigali last noted
on air WDXC 9-94 19
1994 Apr 13 German staff 7 men 3
wives, child rescued by 2 Belgian helicopters
1994 May Staff 11 now in
Nairobi Kenya JSWC 5-94 15
1994 May DW planning interim
relays over other stations African coverage
SWN&I 56 17-5-94 114
1994 Oct DW Kigali not
completely off the air; Radio Rwanda 20 kW (6055) on air
Standby
generator in use, fuel provided by Radio Rwanda
Station
unharmed, staff housing damaged
4 DW
engineers on duty
DW Kigali
will restart as soon as power regularly available
1995 Jan 1 DW Kigali reactivated
with full operation 0300-2200 UTC DW Schedule
Usage
of Brasilia, KWH & Meyerton ended
1995 Jan DW Kigali back on
full schedule JSWC 3-95 13
2011 20 year contract
expired
DW Receiver Station
Unattended operation
controlled from Transmitter Station
5 receivers
Rhombic antennas
QSLs DW Kigali
Too many to list
QSLs Radio Rwanda Kigali
1964 Bull’s Eye Target, RRR
Card Sweden 6058 kHz
QSLs Radio Netherlands
2010 Aug 9 Heard in Germany
11610 kHz
Radio Muhabura
Name of
mountain on border with Uganda, extinct volcano
1991 Mar 1st
transmission
Located in
southern Uganda
1992 Jul 2 Heard by BBCM on
6400 kHz
1992 Moved to
Bujumbura Burundi
199x Transmitted from
6200 - 6400 kHz
3 sessions
daily, 1½ hrs each approx
1993 Oct Closed
1993 Nov Activated on Mulinda
Heights
1994 Apr 12 Heard by BBCM 6285 kHz BDXC 5-94 10
1994 Moved several
times
1994 Jul 15 Radio Rwanda opened,
with Muhabura team
==============================================================================
5. SQOTW33: Special
QSL of the Week
Progressive Topics
——————————————————————————————————————————————————
No Call
Location Land IRM
kHz (k)W
Year Date Significance QSL NWS ——————————————————————————————————————————————————
001
7LA Launceston Tasmania AMP 1100 .1 1961 Nov 6 Emergency
transmitter C 282
002
RA Kabul
Afghanistan AMP 96.1 .01 1971
Jul 4 Experimental FM C 284
003
VOA Poro Philippines AMP 15000 LP 1984 Feb 19 Malfunctioning
exciter L 286
004
TTY Perth Australia AMP
1130 .2 1966 Jun 24 6NM
transmitter to 6ED DIYC 287
005
ICPA Kabul Afghanistan AMP 102.8 ½ 1972
Aug 27 Hotel Intercontinental DIYC 289
006
KSFO Frisco California AMP
560 5 1989
Oct 18 Temporary after
earthquake C 290
007
RM
Havana Cuba AMP 9600 100 1982
Feb 3 Relay Radio Tashkent C
291 008 NILB Central Pacific PH
10800 LP 1968 Dec 23 Apollo
Recovery, 1,000 SW L 292
009
AWR Ekala Sri
Lanka CG 11800 100 1981
Feb 21 Test broadcasts Africa &
ME C 293
010
PJC Willemstad Curacao PH
8694
1 1969 Jan 9 Morse
loop C
294
011
AFRTS Adana Turkey
AMP 1590 .01 1980
Mar 24 Plane, WL in ft DIYC 295
012
AWR Sines Portugal TD 9670
250 1977 Aug 26 Self-designed AWR card C 296
013
VoM Honhor Mongolia CL
12085 250 2012 Sep 14 Lived in
Ulaan Baatar L&C 297
014
CRI Beijing China UQ
21660 2005 Sep 19 Firedrake
jammer C 298
015
RM Russia
AMP 11875 1984 May 2 Russian
jammer, BBC ARS? C 299
016
NBC Pt Moresby New Guinea VL 4890
35 2006 Mar 18 Reduced power C 300
017
RM
Murmansk Russia JB
5930 5 1979
Jan 13 Long wait DIYC & L
301 018 RM P’zavodsk Russia JB
5065 5 1979 Jan 21 Long wait DIYC & L
302
019
VLU2 Christmas Is Indian O. AMP
1420 .5 1977 Aug 23 Tried many
locations DIYC & L
303 020 XMX Christmas Is Indian O. AMP
341 .1 1977 Aug 28 Airplane
reception DIYC 304 021
AIR Pt Blair Andamans JJ 1440
1 1992 Nov 12 Emergency transmission L 305 022
ABC Shepparton Australia TA 6080 100 2011
Feb 4 Emergency transmission C
306 023 ORTB Benin CO SW 1985
Sep 20 Hard to hear, difficult to QSL C
307 024 WQTC Bryan USA-OH AMP
1520 .5 1986
Jul 17 Two words, Bryan Radio DIYC
308
025
AIR
Bangalore India
MKP 9690 500 2014
Feb 28 Memory of 1st radio
broadcast C 309 026
CHU Ottawa Canada BW 3330
3 2010 Sep 16 Low power TSW
C&L 310
027
SW
11 Sites Asia
TA 2 SW
2014 Jun 5 IRDR Trial Broadcasts
C 311
028
TMR Rogaland Norway TD 6210 1970
Jul 8 Jamming against RNI P 312
029
NBC Pt Moresby New Guinea JJ 3925 10 1976
Oct 25 1st report from
India C 313 030 VOA
Honolulu Hawaii
AMP 6120 100 1946 Jan 21 ½ minute report 2C 314
031
CBX Edmonton Canada WP
740 50 1974
Dec 18 1st QSL C 315
032
WWCR Nashville USA
MS 3215
100 1998 May 3 Silence is Golden C 316
033
RN
Rambouillet France AL
24040 30 1981
Dec 19 Temporary Feeder Link
L 317
======================================================================================
6. SQOTW28: Special QSL of the Week
Alphabetic Listing of Categories
——————————————————————————————————————————————————
Title Call City Country IRM City
Country NWS ——————————————————————————————————————————————————
Airplane
Monitoring AFRS Adana Turkey AMP Airplane Turkey
295
XMX Christmas Is Indian Ocean AMP Airplane Indian Ocean 304
Apollo
Recovery NILB USS Arlington Pacific PH Woodland H USA-CA 292
Demonstration
Transmitter TTY Perth W
Australia AMP Perth Australia 287
Difficult
to Hear ORTB Benin CO Norrkoping Sweden
307 Earthquake Emergency KSFO San Francisco USA AMP Eugene USA-OR 290
Emergency
Transmitter 7LA Launceston Tasmania AMP Launceston Tasmania 282
AIR Port Blair Andaman Is JJ Hyderabad India 305
ABC Shepparton Australia TA Depok
Indonesia 306 Experimental FM RA Kabul Afghanistan AMP Kabul
Afghanistan 284
First
Report: India NBC Port Moresby New Guinea JJ Hyderabad India 313
First
QSL CBX Edmonton Canada WP Fallston USA-MA 315
Jammer:
Firedrake CRI Beijing China UQ-S Norrkoping Sweden
298
Rogaland TMR Rogaland Norway TD Rosrath
Germany 312
Russian RM Russia AMP Poona India 299
Listener
Designed QSL Card AWR Sines Portugal TD Rosrath
Germany 296
Long
Wait: 11 Years XMX Christmas Is Indian Ocean AMP Airplane Indian Ocean 304
23 Years RM Murmansk Russia JB Lexington USA-MA 301
23 years RM Petrozavodsk Russia JB Lexington USA-MA 302
Low
Power CHU Ottawa Canada BW Karoonda S Australia 310
Malfunctioning
Exciter VOA Poro Philippines AMP Lahore
Pakistan 286
Many
Locations VLU2 Christmas Is Indian
Ocean AMP Carnarvon
Australia 303
Memories:
Letter from Home VOM Honhor Mongolia CL Bloomington USA-IN
297
1st Radio Broadcast AIR Bangalore India MKP Kerala India 309
Morse
Code Loop PJC Willemstad Curacao PH Woodland
H USA-CA 294
Postmarked
Same Date KRHO Honolulu Hawaii AMP Lobethal S
Australia 314
Reduced Power NBC Pt Moresby New
Guinea VL Naples USA-FL 300
Silence WWCR
Nashville USA-TN MS Trivandrum India 316
Short
Reception Report WQTC Bryan USA-OH AMP Marion
USA-IN 308
KRHO Honolulu Hawaii AMP Lobethal S
Australia 314
Tashkent
Relay RM Havana Cuba AMP Berrien S USA-MI
291
Temporary
Feeder RN Rambouillet France AL Bodenteich Germany 317
Test
Broadcasts AWR Ekala Sri
Lanka CG Nice France 293
IRDR 11 sites Asia TA Depok Indonesia 311
Two
QSL Cards KRHO Honolulu Hawaii AMP Lobethal S
Australia 314
Translation
Transmitter ICPA Kabul Afghanistan AMP Kabul
Afghanistan 289
======================================================================================
