Sunday, March 29, 2015

Wavescan NWS317

Wavescan NWS317

* Theme - 00:00
            “Birthday Serenade - Willi Glahe

* Opening Announcement - 00:16
            Welcome to Wavescan, international DX program from Adventist World Radio
            Researched and written in Indianapolis, produced in studios of shortwave WRMI
            Program outline
                        1. The End of Another Era: In the Land of a Thousand Hills
                                    Deutsche Welle Closing Kigali Relay Station
                        2. Australian DX Report
                        3. Special QSL of the Week SQOTW33: Temporary Feeder Link
           
* The End of Another Era: In the Land of a Thousand Hills - 01:02
                        Deutsche Welle Closing Kigali Relay Station

            The unwelcome news, that another important shortwave station is closing, is making headline news in the international radio world.  On this occasion, the station that is closing is a Deutsche Welle DW relay station, and the location is at Kigali in the small African nation of Rwanda.
            Identified in travel brochures as the Land of a Thousand Hills, Rwanda is a small landlocked densely populated independent nation located almost in the center of the bottom half of Africa.  The entire country, quite hilly, is only 150 miles long and 75 miles wide, and it is completely surrounded by four other independent countries.
            The history of Rwanda goes back into the early days of tribal migrations in Africa, and it is understood that the first peoples to move into the territory now known as Rwanda were the Pygmy people known as the Twa.  Then, two and three thousand years ago, various sub-tribes of Bantu peoples also moved into Rwanda and they settled into their territories where they became known as the Hutus and Tutsis.
            At an international conference in Berlin in 1884, the Rwanda territory was assigned to Germany as part of German East Africa; and the first European to explore the area was Dr. Oscar Baumann eight years later.  During World War 1, Belgian forces occupied the territory; and in 1962, Rwanda was separated from neighboring Burundi and given independence in its own right.  In 1994, Rwanda suffered through a horrendous civil war during which anywhere up to a million people were killed.
            These days, Rwanda is an independent self-governing country with a population of 12 million; its capital city is Kigali with one million.  The peoples of this nation speak three official languages; English, French and Kinyarwanda.
            Communication by Morse Code wireless was introduced to Rwanda with the installation of a wireless station in Kigali in 1930.   This station operated with French TSF equipment and it was established for communication with a similar station in Bujumbura in neighboring Burundi.  A small regional network of similar TSF stations was subsequently installed throughout the twin territories of Burundi/Rwanda.
            It was in 1963 that the German shortwave station was constructed in the rolling hillsides a few miles east of Kinyinya, ten miles north of the city of Kigali.  This African shortwave station was the first relay station that was established by Deutsche Welle, whose head office at the time was in Cologne in West Germany.
            Their first transmitter was a small unit rated at just 600 watts and it was taken into service on August 30, 1963.  The morning service was transmitted on 7225 kHz and the evening service on 7295 kHz. 
            The earliest known monitoring report of the new Deutsche Welle Kigali was from a listener in New Zealand who heard this original low power unit in February of the next year (1964).  At the time, it was suggested that the power level would soon be raised to 10 kW.
            Initially, programming for DW Kigali was prerecorded on tape at the studios in Cologne and flown out to Kigali where it was subsequently played on air in parallel with the same programming as was heard from the DW shortwave station at Julich in Germany.  Occasional off-air programming on shortwave from Germany was received in Kigali and fed into the low powered transmitter for reception in nearby areas in Africa. 
            When the 600 watt transmitter in Kigali was not on the air with a program relay, the station engineers reduced the power level and operated it as an amateur station under the call 9X5 for communication with DW headquarters in Germany.
            On October 24 of the following year (1965), a 250 kW Marconi shortwave transmitter from England, model BD272, was officially inaugurated and this replaced the temporary low power unit.  The antenna systems at this stage were made up of a pair of curtains with a passive reflector in between, and also a set of omni-directional quadrant radiators.   
            At the same time, a receiver station located a dozen miles from the transmitter station was also taken into service.  Rhombic antennas at the receiver station were focused on Germany and they received the program feed via a shortwave transmitter located at the Deutsche Telekom communication station at Bockhagen in West Germany. 
            A second Marconi transmitter at 250 kW, model B6122, was installed in 1969 and taken into regular service in July.  At this stage, the antenna farm was made up of 4 pairs of curtain antennas with a passive reflector in between, and also the previously mentioned omni-directional quadrant.
            The 10th anniversary of DW Kigali was celebrated on October 24, 1975 and many Rwandan government dignitaries as well as senior German personnel attended the event that was staged in the Transmitter Hall at Kinyinya, overlooking the national capital ten miles distant.
            A modernization program was implemented at DW Kigali in 1992 with new transmitters and new antenna systems, replacing all of the 30 year old equipment.  Two BBC/ABB transmitters at 250 kW, model SK53C3-2P, were installed and activated in 1992; and two more transmitters of the same model were activated during the following year (1993), together with 4 pairs of new curtains.
            Quite recently, Deutsche Welle announced the closing of their African relay station effective at the end of the current B14 Transmission Period, next weekend.  The station will be effectively closed, and completely dismantled. 
            Currently, Deutsche Welle Kigali can be seen on Google Earth, directly north of Kigali in Rwanda.  Also clearly visible in the associated colored photographs are the two transmitter buildings adjutting each other, and the two sets of feeder lines leading north and south to the two separated areas in the antenna farm.
            The international radio world is saying goodbye to one of the worlds important shortwave relay stations, and we too would say to Deutsche Welle Kigali: Goodbye, and thank you for a work well done. 
            We are living in an era when there seems to be a cavalcade of shortwave stations leaving the air for ever.  However we might add, as all international radio monitors know so well, that the shortwave bands these days still remain overcrowded with a host of active shortwave broadcast stations.

     Audio Insert
            Deutsche Welle Kigali: Tuning Signal
                                                  Kigali identification announcement, French

International DX News - 09:03
            You still have a few days left to log the African Relay Station of Deutsche Welle and to send for their QSL card before the station is gone forever.  We might add also, that the relay of AWR programming via DW Kigali will also come to an end next weekend as well.  If you would like an AWR QSL card verifying what is now known to be our short term relay via DW Kigali, you have just a few more days.  Each QSL card will also carry what will become a very rare AWR Kigali QSL stamp. 
            The AWR website shows the following scheduling for AWR via Kigali:- 


                        0600 0630 UTC       15700 kHz       French
                        0600 0630                17800              French
                        1700 1730                  9490              Amharic
                        1930 2000                17800              Fulfulde
                        2000 2030                17800              French

* Program Announcement - 10:20
            Allen Graham

* Australian DX Report - 11:14
            Bob Padula

* SQOTW33 Special QSL of the Week: Temporary Feeder Link - 25:18
            International radio monitor Andreas Lubnow in Bodenteich Germany tells us the story of his interesting QSL letter from Radio Netherlands.  Back on December 19, 1981, Andreas was listening on his shortwave radio to the communication frequency 24040 kHz.  This station, located near Rambouillet in France, was operated by the French Post Office and at the time it was carrying a program feed on behalf of Radio Netherlands in Hilversum, Holland. 
            For a period of three weeks, the Intelsat downlink equipment that received the normal satellite feed from Radio Netherlands to its then relay station at Antananarivo on the island of Madagascar was undergoing a period of scheduled maintenance.  During this time, Radio Netherlands took out a relay via a 30 kW SSB single side band transmitter at Rambouillet, some 20 miles south west of Paris in order to relay the programming from the studios in Holland to the transmitter in Madagascar.
            The QSL Form Letter received by Andreas Lubnow in Germany verifies the temporary programing relay via the communication transmitter in France, it was signed by Jonathan Marks who was DX Editor at Radio Netherlands at the time, and the letter is numbered in sequence as Limited Edition Verification No 120.    

* Music of the World - 26:34
            Rwanda: Gospel group, Hallelujah, instrumental & vocal

* Closing Announcement -
            Thanks for listening to Wavescan, international DX program from Adventist World Radio
            Researched and written in Indianapolis
            Next week:-
                        1. Railway Radio in Australia - 2
                        2. The Story of a Lonely Radio Studio in an Isolated Area of Africa
                        3. Indian DX Report
                        4. SQOTW34 Special QSL of the Week: Long Distance on Mediumwave

            Several QSL cards available.  Send your AWR & KSDA reception reports for Wavescan to the                            AWR address in Indianapolis; and also to the station your radio is tuned to: WRMI or                                 WWCR or KVOH, or to the AWR relay stations that carry Wavescan.  Remember too,                             you can send a reception report to each of the DX reporters when their segment is on                          the air here in Wavescan: Japan, Bangladesh, Philippines, Australia & India.  They will                             verify with their own colorful QSL card.  Return postage and an address label are always                       appreciated.

            Wavescan address:-
                        Box 29235
                        Indianapolis
                        Indiana 46229 USA
            Wavescan @ AWR.org

            Jeff White, shortwave WRMI

* Music Outrun - 28:38

* Program Ends - 28:55
==============================================================================






1. Radio Broadcasting in Rwanda

Progressive Topics

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
No.   Topic                                             Station             Callsigns          Year to Year    NWS
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.     In the Land of a Thousand Hills     DW Kigali        TSF 9X5          1930 - 2015     317
2.                                                         ==============================================================================



2. Rwanda-Urundi National Radio

WR(TV)HB Entries
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Year    Date    Information
————-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1947 - 1960     No entries
1961                Usumbura, 10 kW 6195 kHz, French relay Brussels, 3 local languages       L
1962                Radio Usumbura/Radio Burundi 10 kW 6195 kHz                                         L

1924                Wireless station Usumbura callsign USA                                                        YBWT&T 474
1964 Jun         Burundi 6195 heard by Jim Paris                                                         R&H 77.14 7-64 119
1976 Jul          Burundi expansion 25 kW                                                                     R&H 79.17 8-76 120
==============================================================================



3. The End of Another Era: In the Land of a Thousand Hills

Deutsche Welle Closing Kigali Relay Station

WR(TV)HB Entries
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Year                Information
————-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1947 - 1965     No entries
1966                1 @ 250 kW
1967                1 @ 250          30.07 E & 01.53 S       Google Earth: 01 54 51 80 S & 30 06 57 35 E
1968                1 @ 250          30.07 E & 01.53 S       Due north of Kigali & Murama, due east Kinyinya
1969                1 @ 250          30.07 E & 01.53 S      
1970                2 @ 250          30.07 E & 01.53 S
1971                2 @ 250          30.07 E & 01.53 S
1972                2 @ 250          30.07 E & 01.53 S
1973                2 @ 250          30.07 E & 01.53 S
1974                2 @ 250          30.07 E & 01.53 S
1975                2 @ 250          30.07 E & 01.53 S
1976                2 @ 250          30.07 E & 01.53 S
1977                2 @ 250          30.07 E & 01.53 S
1978                2 @ 250          30.07 E & 01.53 S
1979                2 @ 250          30.07 E & 01.53 S
1980                2 @ 250          30.07 E & 01.53 S
1981                2 @ 250          30.07 E & 01.53 S
1982                2 @ 250          30.07 E & 01.53 S
1983                2 @ 250          30.07 E & 01.53 S
1984                2 @ 250          30.07 E & 01.53 S
1985                2 @ 250          30.07 E & 01.53 S
1986                2 @ 250          30.07 E & 01.53 S
1987                2 @ 250          30.07 E & 01.53 S
1988                2 @ 250          30.07 E & 01.53 S
1989                2 @ 250          30.07 E & 01.53 S
1990                2 @ 250          30.07 E & 01.53 S
1991                No entry         
1992                        250
1993                        250
1994                        250
1995                        250
1996                        250
1997                        250
1998                No specific information
1999                No specific information
2000                No specific information
2001                No specific information
2002                4 @ 250
2003                4 @ 250
2004                4 @ 250          Relay DW, FEBA, RFI           
2005                4 @ 250          Relay DW, FEBA, RFI           
2006                Not listed
2007                4 @ 250
2008                4 @ 250          Also on FM Kigali                               
2009                4 @ 250
2010                4 @ 250
2011                4 @ 250
2012                4 @ 250          1 @ 100         
2013                4 @ 250          1 @ 100
2014                4 @ 250          1 @ 100
2015                4 @ 250          1 @ 100         
==============================================================================



4. The End of Another Era: In the Land of a Thousand Hills

Deutsche Welle Closing Kigali Relay Station

Monitoring Observations

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Year    Date    Information
————-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kigali Wireless Station
  1930              Wireless station established Kigali Rwanda, link with Bujumbura Burundi TSF

DW Transmitter Station Kinyinya
                        1st DW relay station Kigali Rwanda
  1963 Aug 30  Station taken into operation                                                                  R&H 77.14 1-65 101
                                    New 250 kW planned
                                    600 watts on 7225 kHz morning, 7295 kHz evening
                                    Heard in NZ
                                    Pre recorded programs from Cologne flown out to DW Kigali
                                    Occasional relay of off air programming
                                    Used as amateur station when not on program relay, call 9X5
                                    New 250 kW under installation, ready by mid year
                                    Will be linked to receiving station
  1963 Nov      New DW station planned for Kigali                                                     R&H 79.15 11-63 136
  1963              Test transmitter ½ kW placed in service                                                                   Technik
  1964 Feb       New DW Kigali heard in NZ 7360 kHz 600 w, soon 10 kW                 R&H 79.15 3-64 101
  1964 Apr       3 sessions daily 3 channels 7 MHz                                                       R&H 79.15 5-64 104
  1965              Marconi 250 kW BD272 installed                                                                         TDP 98 52
  1965 Oct       1st transmitter 250 kW activated, replaced ½ kW unit                                            RMI82 1
                                    2 curtains separated by reflector; also set of quadrant antennas
                                    Tested, reduced power, amateur band, transmitted back to Germany
  1965 Oct 24  New transmitter officially inaugurated
  1966 Mar       3 new sessions to Central Africa 6 MHz band                                     R&H 79.16 3-66 135
  1966 Jun       Several schedule changes                                                                   R&H 79.16 7-66 144
  1967 Apr       Scheduling & map QSL card, 1 @ 250 kW                                         R&H 79.16 4-67 145
  1969              Marconi 250 kW B6122 installed                                                                          TDP 98 52
  1969 Jul        2nd 250 kW transmitter taken into service                                                                 Technik
                                    Now 8 curtains separated by reflector
                                    Also set of omni-directional quadrant antennas
  1969              2nd 250 kW transmitter recently taken into service                            R&H 79.16 10-69 177
  1972              DW relay to Kigali, via Bockhagen with rhombic     CFL 1972 84.136 24, NASWA 6-72 11   
  1974 5&6       DW relay to Kigali, via Bockhagen with rhombic                                           EE 5&6 74 28
  1975 Oct 24  10th anniversary celebrations Rwandan dignitaries, Transmitter Hall           
  1988              DW Kigali to get new 2 @ 300 kW, orders for new antennas soon               ADXN 6-88 15           
  1988              DW ordered 2 @ 250 BBC SW transmitters for Kigali                                 ADXN 10-88 13
  1989 Jul        Planned that work will begin on modernization and expansion                           ADXN 5-89
  1991              Contract signed for further 20 years                                                              ADXN 6-90 13
                                    Two original units to be replaced
                                    Station to be expanded & modernized
                                    4 @ 300 kW to be installed
                                    2 transmitter buildings adjusting each other
  1992              Marconi 2 @ 250 kW removed                                                                            TDP 98 52
  1992              BBC 2 @ 250 kW SK53C3-2P installed                                                               TDP 98 52
  1992 Mar       3rd at 250 kW expected ready for service                                                        ADXN 5-92 8
                                    1st of 3 new transmitters
  1992 Aug       DW in process replacing 2 @ 250 kW old                                                        DXO 8-92 60
  1993              ABB 2 @ 250 kW SK53C3-2P installed                                                               TDP 98 52
  1993 Early     2 @ 250 expected ready for service                                                             JSWC 3-93 14
  1994              DW station, surrounding wall 3 KM long, nearly 2 miles, topped with metal spears
                                    Approach road barricaded & mined
  1994              4 new transmitters & 8 new curtains recently installed                                 WDXC 9-94 19
  1994              DW Kigali on air intermittently, due to electricity outages                              BDXC 5-94 20
  1994 Apr 12 &13 night: Area shelled
  1994 Apr 12  DW Kigali last noted on air                                                                             WDXC 9-94 19           
  1994 Apr 13  German staff 7 men 3 wives, child rescued by 2 Belgian helicopters
  1994 May      Staff 11 now in Nairobi Kenya                                                                                   JSWC 5-94 15
  1994 May      DW planning interim relays over other stations African coverage  SWN&I 56 17-5-94 114
  1994 Oct       DW Kigali not completely off the air; Radio Rwanda 20 kW (6055) on air
                                    Standby generator in use, fuel provided by Radio Rwanda
                                    Station unharmed, staff housing damaged
                                    4 DW engineers on duty
                                    DW Kigali will restart as soon as power regularly available  
  1995 Jan 1    DW Kigali reactivated with full operation 0300-2200 UTC                              DW Schedule
                                    Usage of Brasilia, KWH & Meyerton ended
  1995 Jan       DW Kigali back on full schedule                                                                    JSWC 3-95 13
   2011             20 year contract expired

DW Receiver Station
                        Unattended operation controlled from Transmitter Station
                        5 receivers     
                        Rhombic antennas     
QSLs DW Kigali
                        Too many to list

QSLs Radio Rwanda Kigali
  1964              Bulls Eye Target, RRR Card Sweden 6058 kHz                                          

QSLs Radio Netherlands
  2010 Aug 9    Heard in Germany 11610 kHz

Radio Muhabura
                        Name of mountain on border with Uganda, extinct volcano
  1991 Mar       1st transmission
                                    Located in southern Uganda
  1992 Jul 2     Heard by BBCM on 6400 kHz
  1992              Moved to Bujumbura Burundi
  199x              Transmitted from 6200 - 6400 kHz   
                                    3 sessions daily, 1½ hrs each approx
  1993 Oct       Closed
  1993 Nov      Activated on Mulinda Heights
  1994 Apr 12  Heard by BBCM 6285 kHz                                                                             BDXC 5-94 10           
  1994              Moved several times
  1994 Jul 15   Radio Rwanda opened, with Muhabura team
==============================================================================




5. SQOTW33: Special QSL of the Week

Progressive Topics

——————————————————————————————————————————————————
No  Call       Location                  Land            IRM      kHz   (k)W Year    Date     Significance                           QSL  NWS ——————————————————————————————————————————————————
001 7LA      Launceston Tasmania     AMP    1100      .1  1961 Nov 6       Emergency transmitter               C    282
002 RA       Kabul           Afghanistan AMP     96.1    .01 1971 Jul 4         Experimental FM                      C    284
003 VOA    Poro            Philippines   AMP  15000    LP   1984 Feb 19      Malfunctioning exciter                 L    286
004 TTY     Perth           Australia      AMP    1130    .2    1966 Jun 24      6NM transmitter to 6ED        DIYC    287
005 ICPA    Kabul          Afghanistan AMP   102.8    ½                1972 Aug 27      Hotel Intercontinental            DIYC    289
006 KSFO  Frisco                      California     AMP      560    5     1989 Oct 18      Temporary after earthquake        C   290
007 RM       Havana       Cuba           AMP    9600 100     1982 Feb 3        Relay Radio Tashkent                C    291            008 NILB    Central   Pacific         PH    10800   LP     1968 Dec 23      Apollo Recovery, 1,000 SW         L    292
009 AWR    Ekala         Sri Lanka     CG    11800 100      1981 Feb 21      Test broadcasts Africa & ME       C    293                
010 PJC     Willemstad              Curacao      PH       8694    1      1969 Jan 9        Morse loop                                C    294
011 AFRTS Adana         Turkey         AMP    1590  .01    1980 Mar 24      Plane, WL in ft                       DIYC   295   
012 AWR    Sines          Portugal      TD       9670  250    1977 Aug 26      Self-designed AWR card            C   296
013 VoM     Honhor       Mongolia     CL     12085  250    2012 Sep 14      Lived in Ulaan Baatar              L&C   297           
014 CRI      Beijing         China           UQ    21660            2005 Sep 19      Firedrake jammer                       C   298
015 RM                         Russia         AMP  11875           1984 May 2       Russian jammer, BBC ARS?      C   299
016 NBC    Pt Moresby  New Guinea VL       4890   35      2006 Mar 18      Reduced power                          C   300
017 RM       Murmansk               Russia         JB       5930     5    1979 Jan 13      Long wait                       DIYC & L   301 018 RM      Pzavodsk          Russia         JB       5065     5    1979 Jan 21      Long wait                                    DIYC & L   302           
019 VLU2  Christmas Is Indian O.      AMP  1420     .5     1977 Aug 23      Tried many locations       DIYC & L   303            020 XMX   Christmas Is Indian O.      AMP    341     .1           1977 Aug 28      Airplane reception                  DIYC   304           021 AIR            Pt Blair        Andamans   JJ      1440      1     1992 Nov 12      Emergency transmission              L   305            022 ABC    Shepparton        Australia      TA     6080 100      2011 Feb 4        Emergency transmission            C   306 023 ORTB                        Benin           CO      SW             1985 Sep 20      Hard to hear, difficult to QSL     C   307 024 WQTC Bryan            USA-OH      AMP  1520     .5     1986 Jul 17       Two words, Bryan Radio       DIYC    308           
025 AIR       Bangalore   India            MKP   9690  500     2014 Feb 28      Memory of 1st radio broadcast   C   309 026 CHU    Ottawa  Canada        BW                 3330     3     2010 Sep 16      Low power TSW                      C&L   310
027 SW       11 Sites      Asia              TA              2 SW              2014 Jun 5        IRDR Trial Broadcasts                 C  311
028 TMR    Rogaland     Norway         TD               6210              1970 Jul 8         Jamming against RNI                    P  312
029 NBC    Pt Moresby  New Guinea JJ     3925     10      1976 Oct 25      1st report from India                      C  313 030 VOA    Honolulu           Hawaii          AMP  6120   100     1946 Jan 21      ½ minute report                         2C  314
031 CBX    Edmonton    Canada        WP     740      50     1974 Dec 18      1st QSL                                        C  315
032 WWCR Nashville     USA            MS              3215     100     1998 May 3       Silence is Golden                          C  316
033 RN      Rambouillet  France         AL  24040     30      1981 Dec 19      Temporary Feeder Link                 L  317
======================================================================================



6. SQOTW28: Special QSL of the Week

Alphabetic Listing of Categories

——————————————————————————————————————————————————
            Title                              Call       City                  Country             IRM      City              Country         NWS            ——————————————————————————————————————————————————
Airplane Monitoring                   AFRS   Adana               Turkey              AMP     Airplane        Turkey            295
                                                XMX     Christmas Is      Indian Ocean     AMP     Airplane        Indian Ocean  304 
Apollo Recovery                       NILB     USS Arlington   Pacific              PH        Woodland H USA-CA          292
Demonstration Transmitter         TTY      Perth                W Australia       AMP     Perth            Australia         287
Difficult to Hear                         ORTB                           Benin                CO       Norrkoping   Sweden           307 Earthquake Emergency                   KSFO   San Francisco   USA                 AMP     Eugene         USA-OR          290
Emergency Transmitter              7LA      Launceston       Tasmania          AMP     Launceston  Tasmania         282
                                                AIR       Port Blair          Andaman Is       JJ         Hyderabad   India                305
                                                ABC     Shepparton       Australia           TA        Depok          Indonesia        306 Experimental FM                       RA        Kabul                Afghanistan      AMP     Kabul            Afghanistan     284
First Report: India                      NBC     Port Moresby    New Guinea       JJ         Hyderabad   India                313
First QSL                                  CBX     Edmonton         Canada             WP       Fallston                   USA-MA          315
Jammer: Firedrake                     CRI       Beijing              China                UQ-S    Norrkoping   Sweden           298
              Rogaland                    TMR     Rogaland          Norway             TD        Rosrath        Germany          312
              Russian                      RM                               Russia              AMP     Poona          India               299
Listener Designed QSL Card      AWR     Sines                Portugal            TD        Rosrath         Germany         296
Long Wait: 11 Years                  XMX     Christmas Is      Indian Ocean     AMP     Airplane        Indian Ocean  304
                 23 Years                  RM       Murmansk         Russia              JB        Lexington      USA-MA         301
                 23 years                   RM       Petrozavodsk    Russia              JB        Lexington      USA-MA         302
Low Power                                CHU     Ottawa              Canada             BW       Karoonda     S Australia       310           
Malfunctioning Exciter               VOA     Poro                 Philippines        AMP     Lahore          Pakistan         286
Many Locations                         VLU2    Christmas Is      Indian Ocean     AMP     Carnarvon    Australia          303
Memories: Letter from Home      VOM     Honhor             Mongolia          CL        Bloomington USA-IN           297
                 1st Radio Broadcast  AIR       Bangalore         India                 MKP     Kerala           India               309
Morse Code Loop                     PJC      Willemstad        Curacao            PH        Woodland H USA-CA          294
Postmarked Same Date             KRHO   Honolulu           Hawaii               AMP     Lobethal       S Australia       314           
Reduced Power                         NBC     Pt Moresby       New Guinea      VL         Naples          USA-FL           300           
Silence                                     WWCR Nashville           USA-TN            MS       Trivandrum   India                316
Short Reception Report             WQTC   Bryan                USA-OH            AMP     Marion          USA-IN           308
                                                KRHO   Honolulu           Hawaii               AMP     Lobethal       S Australia       314           
Tashkent Relay                          RM       Havana             Cuba                AMP     Berrien  S      USA-MI           291
Temporary Feeder                     RN        Rambouillet       France              AL        Bodenteich   Germany         317
Test Broadcasts                                    AWR     Ekala                Sri Lanka          CG       Nice              France            293
                                                IRDR    11 sites             Asia                  TA        Depok          Indonesia        311
Two QSL Cards                         KRHO   Honolulu           Hawaii               AMP     Lobethal       S Australia       314           
Translation Transmitter               ICPA     Kabul                Afghanistan      AMP     Kabul            Afghanistan     289                                                           

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